Bilateral Knee Arthrodesis and Total Hip Arthroplasty for Knee and Hip Dysplasia Secondary to Spina Bifida

Introduction

Spina bifida, a rare congenital malformation, results from failure of neural tube fusion during embryogenesis, resulting in lesions of the lumbosacral spine.[1,2] The goal of orthopedic management for patients with spina bifida is to correct musculoskeletal deformity during childhood. Addressing kyphosis and scoliosis, common in these children, may enhance overall function.[3,4] However, if they age without correction, severe lumbosacral symptoms often manifest in the lower extremities. Pelvic muscle imbalance may cause hip subluxation and dislocation, and in the knee uncorrected valgus stress may induce osteoarthritis often with flexion-extension contractures.[5]

The orthopedic literature lacks comprehensive guidance on surgically correcting progressive hip and knee deformities in spina bifida patients. While osteotomy and primary arthroplasty are viable options, caution arises due to poor bone quality, residual contractures and muscular atrophy.[5,6] Consequently, alternative approaches like arthrodesis may be indicated, though they remain understudied in this population. This case report will expand upon the surgical correction of spina bifida patients who develop severe knee and hip symptoms.

Case report

DP, a 47-year-old male, presented to his primary care provider with three years of bilateral hip and knee pain. He had a significant history of spina bifida status-post serial neonatal casting, chronic neurogenic bladder, and severe lower extremity weakness and contractures. Initial knee radiographs revealed chronic deformities with significant joint space loss and functional knee effusions (Figure 1).

Figure 1

Plain films of the pelvis suggested bilateral dysplasia with complete hip dislocation (Figure 2).

Figure 2

Laboratory tests were within normal limits, including a complete blood count, comprehensive metabolic panel and urinalysis. He was prescribed extended-release naltrexone for pain management and referred to our tertiary medical center.

His physical exam revealed significant lower extremity atrophy. Sensation was intact to the mid anterior tibial crest bilaterally but diminished distally. Distal pulses were intact and brisk bilaterally. Bilateral knee evaluation demonstrated full extension to 10° of flexion with active and passive range of motion. Active range of motion of the hips was limited to 10° of internal rotation, 15° of external rotation, and 20° of abduction and adduction. The patient was unable to plantarflex, dorsiflex, invert or evert the ankles. Despite these challenges, he managed ambulation with a severely antalgic gait. The patient also received neurosurgical workup. Non-contrast magnetic resonance imaging of the spine revealed an osseous defect of the dorsal sacrum with tethered and low-lying conus medullaris at S2. Following a multidisciplinary discussion, it was decided that right-knee surgery was appropriate, with no emergent spinal intervention necessary.

The patient was informed a total knee arthroplasty (TKA) would be challenging given his severe limitation in motion. Additionally, given his minimal quadricep function, arthroplasty would have required a permanent drop-lock knee brace. Therefore, the decision was made to proceed with arthrodesis to give the patient a stable limb for ambulation.

Intraoperatively, the right knee had significant scarring and atrophied muscle. Vastus medialis fibers were dissected proximally down to the knee joint and onto the subcutaneous tibia. Soft tissue attachments from the capsule and collateral ligaments were removed to visualize the distal femur for plating. A 5° valgus distal femur cut was made. The proximal tibia was exposed, and the posterior capsule was dissected. A tibial osteotomy perpendicular to the tibial axis was made, creating two opposable metaphyseal osteotomized surfaces with cuts orthogonal to the mechanical axis.

A template was employed to contour an anterior proud 4.5 x 206 mm 11-hole locking plate. The plate was inserted with two screws in the proximal segment and the articulated tensioning device was used to compress the osteotomy site. The construct was bolstered with four proximal and four distal screws. An additional 4.5 x 206 mm medial locking plate was contoured (Figure 3-A).

The patient was made non-weight bearing for eight weeks and was discharged four days postoperatively after an uncomplicated hospital stay. At three months postoperatively the patient had minimal pain and a considerably improved gait. Twelve months after the index procedure, he underwent uncomplicated instrumented arthrodesis of the left knee, with the same indication, operative technique, and methods of fixation (Figure 3-B).

Figure 3

Five months later, the patient underwent left total hip arthroplasty (THA) after failing conservative treatment. A posterolateral approach was used, revealing minimal abductor attachment to the proximal femur. The patient received a 50 mm G7 OsseoTi Acetabular Shell, with four screws in multiple cup quadrants, placed at approximately 40 degrees of inclination and 20 degrees of anteversion. A G7 Dual Mobility CoCr liner was impacted, and subsequent femoral components, including a size 15 Standard Offset Wagner Cone Prosthesis Stem (Zimmer Biomet) and a 28 mm, 3.5 mm offset Biolox Delta Femoral Head, were successfully implanted. A minor crack was observed at the proximal femoral neck during femoral component seeding, leading to the placement of a single Dall-Miles cable distal to the crack (Figure 4).

Figure 4

The femoral stem remained stable, and the crack did not propagate. Six weeks of partial weight-bearing was advised due to limited acetabular bone stock. After eight months, the patient underwent an uncomplicated right THA using a similar approach and implants except for a 28 mm, 0 mm offset Biolox Delta Femoral Head.

At the most recent follow-up, 3.3 years after the index knee arthrodesis and 2.1 years after the index THA, the patient uses a manual wheelchair at baseline. While walking independently remains a challenge, he demonstrates the ability to wheel himself without difficulty. The patient's bed transfers are independent, and he can stand with bilateral assistance. Complex activities of daily living require caregiver assistance. The patient is happy with his bilateral procedures, noting significantly reduced pain.

Discussion

Spina bifida is a rare neurological condition that may progress to lower extremity deformities.5 In the knees this includes contractures, bony dysplasia, and valgus deformity from femoral mal-alignment, external tibial torsion, or pelvic muscle atrophy.[2,7–9] If left uncorrected, chronic valgus knee stress may render the adult spina bifida patient unable to independently ambulate without pain, similar to the current presentation. It is therefore essential to surveil these patients throughout adolescence to identify lower extremity symptoms that indicate progressive hip and knee deformity. Typically, surgical correction of lower extremity deformities in younger patients with spina bifida includes osteotomy, hamstring transfers or quadricepsplasty.[10–12] For mild deformities, or when surgery is not feasible, serial casting may be of benefit.[13,14]

When inadequately managed, patients with spina bifida often develop hip and knee symptoms emerging in adulthood. This case underscores arthrodesis as a viable option for relieving pain and potentially permitting independent ambulation. Although knee arthrodesis is seldom described for this purpose, ankle arthrodesis stands as a comparable procedure for managing spina bifida-related ankle deformities and has demonstrated functional improvement.[7,15] In the general orthopedic literature, knee arthrodesis primary addresses pain and instability following prior TKA. In rarer instances, it addresses metaphyseal bone loss, inadequate ligamentous or soft-tissue coverage, extension mechanism loss, or infection precluding an implant.[16,17] Classic contraindications to knee arthrodesis — ipsilateral hip/ankle osteoarthropathy, contralateral hip/knee osteoarthropathy, contralateral knee amputation, as well difficulties ambulating postoperatively — derive from the arthroplasty literature.[18] To our knowledge, bilateral arthrodesis has never been attempted in a patient with spina bifida.

In this case, while a custom hinged or constrained TKA was initially contemplated, severe muscle imbalance and contractures would have necessitated a lifelong drop-lock brace for ambulation. We also envisioned challenges in obtaining flexion to implant arthroplasty hardware. This would have required extensor mechanism take down and reattachment, increasing the risk of future extensor mechanism disruption. Consequently, arthrodesis was chosen.

Multiple techniques exist for knee arthrodesis, commonly employing rigid internal fixation with a nail.[19] Cementation, external fixation, plating or hybrid methods involving nails, plates and external fixation are also employed.[19,20] Instrumented arthrodesis with plating was selected in this case due to the patient's minimal knee motion, limited extension/flexion, and significant hip dysplasia. Long intramedullary nailing's implications for future THAs were also considered. All knee arthrodesis methods carry a significant risk of complications, including nonunion, peroneal nerve palsy, infection, thrombophlebitis and stress fractures at the arthrodesis site.[16,20] However, we believe these risks were mitigated by meticulous surgical technique, resulting in clinical success over a three-year follow-up period. Furthermore, our threshold for iatrogenic neuropraxia was underscored by the patient’s minimal baseline function in the peroneal distribution.

Conclusion

In summary, we describe a patient with severe osteoarthropathy of the knees and hips secondary to spina bifida, who was successfully treated surgically with bilateral, staged instrumented arthrodesis, followed by bilateral, staged total hip arthroplasty. Although this current patient now is a minimal ambulator at baseline due to other medical comorbidities, his overall level of pain is much improved postoperatively. We highlight the importance of this surgical technique in a unique patient cohort to alleviate pain and dysfunction and to inform orthopedists of an acceptable option when encountering spina bifida patients in clinical practice.

Clinical message

Staged instrumented arthrodesis may be recommended for highly symptomatic lower extremities in adults with spina bifida. Typically, surgical correction for lower extremity deformities in younger patients with spina bifida includes osteotomy, hamstring transfers or quadricepsplasty. However, these options may not be viable in cases of severe muscle atrophy and contracture, as in this case. While arthrodesis commonly addresses pain and instability following prior TKA, it may also be used to relieve lower extremity pain in severe cases of spina bifida.

Learning point of the article

In adult patients with severe symptomatic spina bifida, arthrodesis may be a viable option for relieving pain and potentially permitting independent ambulation.  

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